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Netherlands

The Netherlands is a kingdom in western Europe that took its present form in 1815 after the Napoleonic wars; until 1795 it existed as the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, and from 1806 to 1810 as the Kingdom of Holland under Louis Bonaparte.

History

Monarchs of the House of Orange-Nassau: William I (1815–1840), William II (1840–1849), William III (1849–1890), queens Wilhelmina (1890–1948), Juliana (1948–1980), Beatrix (1980–2013) and King Willem-Alexander (since 2013). Belgium seceded in 1830; Luxembourg passed to another line in 1890.

Currency and coins

The currency was the gulden (guilder, 1 gulden = 100 cents) from 1816 until the euro in 2002. Silver 1 gulden (10 g, .945 until 1919; .720 from 1922 to 1967), 2½ gulden (25 g, .945, later .720), 10 and 25 cents, and gold 10 gulden (6.72 g, .900) struck until 1933. All coins come from the Utrecht mint (caduceus mark plus the mintmaster's privy mark).

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